移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是造血干细胞移植后常见的严重并发症,其中急性胃肠道GVHD诊疗难度较高,临床常规治疗仍有相当数量患者治疗失败,且目前无获批的后续治疗方案,存在显著未满足的医疗需求。近十年来,大量研究证实,干细胞移植后肠道微生物组与患者预后密切相关,尤其在急性GVHD的病理生理过程中发挥关键作用。基于此,EBMT急性白血病工作组核心专家、法国索邦大学及圣安东尼医院Florent Malard教授研究团队开展微生物组疗法治疗急性GVHD的相关探索,启动了MaaT013的3期关键性临床试验ARES试验(NCT04769895),为难治性急性GVHD患者提供新的治疗方向,推动该领域诊疗进展。
Florent Malard教授:在移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者的临床管理中,尤其是急性胃肠道GVHD患者,临床首先采用激素治疗,随后以芦可替尼作为二线治疗方案。然而,仍有大量患者对该治疗方案反应不佳,目前既无针对这类患者的获批治疗药物,也缺乏真正有效的超说明书用药方案,临床存在明确的未满足医疗需求,亟需探索新的治疗策略。
近十年来,大量研究数据表明,干细胞移植后的肠道微生物组与患者预后密切相关,尤其与急性GVHD的发生发展紧密关联,微生物组在急性GVHD的病理生理过程中扮演关键角色。基于这一研究发现,我们决定开展微生物组疗法治疗急性GVHD的相关研究,这也是我们启动3期关键性临床试验ARES的核心原因。
微生物组疗法MaaT013的核心作用是恢复肠道微生物组的正常构成。事实上,造血干细胞移植后,化疗药物与广谱抗生素的使用常会导致肠道菌群失调,表现为细菌多样性下降、保护性细菌缺失,其中产丁酸盐细菌的减少尤为明显。而应用MaaT013进行微生物组治疗后,可有效恢复肠道菌群多样性,补充产丁酸盐的有益菌群。
既往研究显示,接受MaaT013治疗的患者,其血液中短链脂肪酸和胆汁酸水平会显著升高,这类物质可诱导免疫调节性T细胞的生成;同时初步数据表明,经MaaT013治疗后获得临床缓解的患者,其体内某一调节性T细胞亚群数量明显增加。这些结果明确证实了微生物组疗法与患者体内免疫调节、免疫调控之间的关联,而这种关联正是实现GVHD病情缓解的关键机制。
目前,微生物组疗法MaaT013已通过早期准入计划,在欧洲及欧洲以外的多个国家投入临床使用。我们正推进相关审批工作,力争今年获得欧洲药品管理局(EMA)的上市批准。在标准化方面,MaaT013已完成制剂标准化,未来可通过早期准入计划或获批后的常规临床路径,为患者提供规范治疗。
展望未来,该领域仍有广阔的发展空间。虽然治疗激素及芦可替尼难治性GVHD具有重要临床价值,但更早的干预有望带来更优的治疗效果,而预防GVHD的发生则是更为理想的疾病管理策略。目前,我们正在开展一项随机对照研究,评估另一款微生物组疗法MaaT033的临床价值。
MaaT033与MaaT013作用机制相似,但其给药方式不同,采用口服胶囊剂型,而非灌肠给药。该研究的给药方案为:移植前一周启动给药,随后暂停,待患者中性粒细胞恢复后重新给药,每日3粒,持续最长3个月。该研究为安慰剂对照设计,主要研究终点为改善患者总生存期。尽管这一研究目标极具挑战性,但若能证实微生物组疗法可降低GVHD发生率并改善患者总生存期,将为该领域带来突破性进展。
For patients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), particularly those presenting with acute gastrointestinal GVHD, the standard approach begins with steroid therapy. For patients who do not respond adequately to steroids, ruxolitinib is employed as a second-line treatment. Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of patients remain refractory to this sequential regimen. Currently, no approved therapies exist for this population, nor are there any truly effective off-label alternatives. Consequently, this represents a significant unmet medical need, and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required.
Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the microbiome composition following stem cell transplantation is closely associated with patient outcomes, especially with respect to the development and severity of acute GVHD. The microbiome appears to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of acute GVHD. Based on these insights, our team decided to investigate microbiota-based therapy as a treatment for acute GVHD, which ultimately led to the design and conduct of the phase 3 pivotal study, ARES.
When we administer the microbiota therapy MaaT013, we aim to restore the composition of the gut microbiome. Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the combined effects of chemotherapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics frequently induce dysbiosis, characterized by a loss of bacterial diversity and a reduction in protective bacteria, particularly butyrate-producing species. Through microbiota therapy, we restore microbial diversity and replenish these beneficial, butyrate-producing bacteria. In previous studies, we were able to demonstrate an increase in short-chain fatty acids and bile acids in patients’ blood, which may help induce immunoregulatory T cells. Moreover, preliminary data indicate that a specific subset of regulatory T cells is expanded in patients who achieve a clinical response after MaaT013 treatment. These findings clearly suggest a mechanistic link between microbiota therapy, immunoregulation, and immunomodulation, ultimately leading to the resolution of acute GVHD.
To date, MaaT013 has been made available through early access programs in several European countries and beyond. We are currently in the process of seeking approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for this product within this year. Regarding standardization, the drug product is already manufactured according to standardized procedures. Thus, it can be administered to patients either through early access programs or following formal regulatory approval.
Looking forward, the key question is how to advance the field further. While it is beneficial to treat patients with steroid- and ruxolitinib-refractory GVHD, earlier intervention would likely yield even greater benefits. Ideally, the optimal strategy for managing GVHD is prevention. Indeed, we have an ongoing randomized study evaluating another microbiota-based therapy, MaaT033, which is compositionally very similar to MaaT013 but is administered orally via capsules rather than by enema. The regimen starts one week prior to transplantation, is temporarily interrupted, and then resumes at neutrophil recovery, with patients receiving three capsules daily for up to three months. This study is randomized and placebo-controlled, with the primary endpoint being improvement in overall survival. This is an ambitious goal; however, if microbiota therapy can demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of GVHD and an improvement in overall survival, it would represent a major step forward for the field.
总结
微生物组疗法的临床应用,填补了难治性急性GVHD治疗的空白,其通过恢复肠道菌群平衡、调节机体免疫功能,为这类重症患者提供了新的治疗选择,目前已逐步走向规范化临床应用并推进监管审批。相关临床试验进一步拓展了微生物组疗法的应用场景,探索其在GVHD预防中的价值,有望实现疾病的早期干预与精准防控。该系列研究不仅推动了微生物组疗法在血液移植领域的发展,更彰显了以患者为中心、基于病理生理机制探索创新疗法的医学理念,为改善移植患者预后、推动血液系统疾病诊疗领域的进步奠定了坚实基础,也为其他难治性疾病的创新治疗提供了有益借鉴。